Women’s Brains Essay Example

Women’s Brains Paper Women’s Brains by Stephen Jay Gould talks about how sub-par ladies are to men, in view of logical information. George Eliot, in the introduction of Middlemarch, lamented over the unfulfilled existences of capable ladies. She wrote in 1872 that the pioneers of European anthropometry or estimation of the human body, logically estimated the mediocrity of ladies. Be that as it may, it was craniometry or estimation of the skull, drove by Professor Paul Broca, which got more consideration. Broca contended that ladies had littler cerebrums than men, thusly couldn't rise to their knowledge. He guaranteed this is logical truth since men in present day social orders had bigger cerebrums and that their prevalence through time increments. He put together this with respect to broad information that originated from post-mortems he acted in four Parisian medical clinics. For 292 male cerebrums, he determined a normal load of 1,325 grams; 140 female minds arrived at the midpoint of 1,144 grams for a distinction of 181 grams, or 14 percent of the male weight. Despite the fact that he perceived that the distinction in mind size could be credited to more prominent tallness of guys, he put forth no attempt to gauge the impact of size alone and guaranteed that it can't represent the whole contrast. We will compose a custom paper test on Women’s Brains explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Women’s Brains explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Women’s Brains explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Be that as it may, there are the individuals who restrict Broca’s crease. One was Tiedemann, who recommended that the moderately little female cerebrum size depends to a limited extent upon their physical mediocrity and to some degree upon their scholarly inadequacy. Another safeguard of ladies was L. Manouvrier, who asserted that ladies showed their gifts and certificates and summoned philosophical specialists. Lamentably, terrible editorials and mockery dwarfed these positive focuses. Instances of which were scholars inquiring as to whether ladies had a spirit and researchers prepared to decline them of a human insight. In 1873, Broca estimated cranial limits of ancient skulls from L’Homme Mort cavern and found a distinction of just 99.5 cubic centimeters among guys and females. As indicated by Topinard, one of Broca’s supporters, the expanding disparity through time is credited to dynamic men, who have all the duty and in this manner needs more cerebrum, and to the aloof lady, whose job is childrearing. Yet, the central misanthrope of Broca’s school was Gustave Le Bon, who asserted that there are an enormous number of ladies whose cerebrums are nearer in size to the gorillas’ than to most created male minds. Indeed, even analysts, artists, and writers perceived that ladies speak to the most substandard types of human development, closer to youngsters and savages than to a grown-up, humanized man. There might be recognized ladies, yet they were a minority. Additionally, Le Bon contradicted conceding ladies advanced education, saying that when this occurs, a social upset w ill start and that everything that keeps up the hallowed family ties will disappear. Gould, rethinking Broca’s information, said that his numbers were sound yet his translations were not well established. Broca made ends yet he concentrated just seven male and six female skulls in L’Homme Mort. Besides, he didn't consider that mind weight diminishes with age. Ladies in his investigations were extensively more established than men. Utilizing various relapse, Gould found that at normal stature and age, a woman’s mind would weigh 1,212 grams, which decreases Broca’s estimated contrast of 181 grams to113 grams. In addition, Broca didn't likewise consider degenerative infections that frequently involve generous reduction of cerebrum size. A large number of his subjects were older ladies, accepted to have protracted degenerative ailment than men. What's more, Manouvrier contended that when strong mass and power are utilized, contrast in mind size will be agreeable to men. In any case, with â€Å"sexual mass,† ladies came out marginally ah ead in cerebrum size. Consequently, the remedied 113-gram distinction is excessively enormous since the genuine figure is near zero. To comprehend Broca’s disputes however, one must understand that he had simpler access to women’s minds. Nonetheless, Maria Montessori presumed that ladies were mentally prevalent, however men had won to this point by dint of physical power. Gould finished the article with George Eliot’s introduction to Middlemarch, saying Eliot valued the extraordinary catastrophe that natural naming has heaps of distraught gatherings, ladies such as herself.

Provincialism essays

Provincialism expositions The 1930s was the point at which the U.S. was experiencing significant changes. Just as the financial downturn which was being felt so pointedly; it was where conflicts between certain ethnic gatherings occured. The happenings of those days have been reflected upon writing also. The majority of the creators regularly accept bigotry as their topic, as their fundamental thought. However,Harper Lees book, To Kill A Mockingbird, was not quite the same as different books since Harper Lee made the subject of provincialism which changed up his book. The book is around a six-year-old called Scout who is responding to the commonplace occasions in her town, Maycomb County in Southern Alabama. Harper Lee groups the sorts of provincialism in three significant parts, for example, doubt of other people who are extraordinary, proof of various degrees of society lastly racial narrow mindedness. Right off the bat, Harper Lee uses the general mentality of Maycomb individuals towards certain people who they believe are conniving; to show a face of provincialism. The primary model is the towns view of Miss Maudie, an old woman whose side interest is to take care of her blossoms and keep her nursery flawless. The town feels that on the off chance that she went inside the house to peruse the book of scriptures she may have improved. One day she tells Scout: Did you know some of them came free and clear one day and revealed to me that me and my blossoms were going to get lost, they thought I invested an excess of energy Gods outside however insufficient time in the house perusing the Bible.(p.50) The town sees Mrs. Maudie as an individual who has gone distraught but then authorize her to become strict like the remainder of the town. The subsequent model is Atticus who the town once observed as their pride however out of nowhere lost all his respect by safeguarding a dark man in th e court. I get it aint your shortcoming if Uncle Atticus is a nigger darling other than however it unquestionably mortifies the remainder of the family(p.89)says ... <!

Effective Tips for Writing a Persuasive Essay

Effective Tips for Writing a Persuasive Essay Persuasive essay tips for better academic results If you feel you need to get some inspiration and useful ideas on how to complete your persuasive paper, you’ve come to the right spot! In this article we would like share with you effective tips for writing a persuasive essay. The first persuasive essay prompt that our experts want to give to you is to make it clear what exactly you need to highlight in your persuasive essay. You should know what you need to do to persuade the reader. You need to search for really strong arguments and convincing facts to make the reader follow your ideas and agree with them. You need to understand that it is impossible without in-depth research on the given topic. The more you know on your theme, the better you will be able to use the facts and data that you’ll get from academic sources to convince the reader. Secondly, you writing skills are important when completing this type of paper. Try to use short sentences and express your ideas in a clear and concise way. In fact, here you need to maintain a balance between academic language and clarity. If you use too many terms or complicated language, there is a high chance that the reader will not understand you and will be bored while reading your paper. Thirdly, use bright examples and proven evidence to support your ideas. People like extraordinary facts and examples. If you manage to wow the reader with them, you are more likely to achieve the desired results with your paper. However, you need to take into account that it should be real examples and facts from credible scientific sources otherwise there is no use to include them into your essay. Tips on how to start a persuasive essay To start developing a good essay, you need to know how to come up with a winning introduction. Here are some persuasive essay tips introduction that will help you do it in a more effective manner: Your introduction should be catchy. It should grab the reader’s attention and induce him to keep on reading the paper. It can be an intriguing question or statement. The next step you need to take is to briefly mention the arguments. It is vital that the reader have a clear idea of what you are going to reveal in your paper. Do not forget to include the thesis statement into your introduction. It should be strong and arguable. Other important tips on writing a persuasive essay A good beginning is half the battle. Now you know how to do it in a winning way. And what’s next? Well, here are some more tips persuasive essay on how to complete your paper: Follow the required format carefully. It means that beside introduction your essay should contain the body and conclusion. The body should consist of 3-5 paragraphs where you will support your thesis statement with strong arguments. It is effective to develop one argument in one paragraph. Do not come up with new ideas in your conclusion. Present the summary of your main ideas that you have highlighted in your essay. Proofread and edit your complete paper as properly as you can. Once you finish the writing process do not hurry to celebrate the victory. Always take time to polish your writing. Give your paper to your peer, sister, brother or your friend to read. They will definitely help you make your paper better. Of course, asking the expert editor to check your paper can be the best option. What if expository writing persuasive essay examples and tips do not ignite your writing inspiration? Even after reading tips to writing a persuasive essay this type of writing can still be challenging and labor-consuming. However, whether you like it or not you need to undertake it in your academic career. You can’t afford to fail it as it defines your grades and have impact on your overall academic performance. What should you do in this case to solve this issue? Well, when the situation seems helpless, professional persuasive essay writing prompt or any other kind of assistance from expert writers. It can become your real life-saver. What does it even mean? In other words, you’ll not be left alone working on this important paper. We all know how helpless it might feel sometimes, when there is nobody to ask for help. To save you these unpleasant feelings, our academic pros are ready to provide you with top-notch assistance at all stages of the process, which include: Research of appropriate sources and collecting information Developing a thesis statement that would make a solid basis for your paper Outlining your paper following the best practices and standards Assistance with writing your paper Editing to achieve clarity and best scientific value Proofreading to ensure purity and elegance of language Formatting in line with the requirements set by your educational institution Writing a persuasive paper can be a simple thing. Rely on us and you’ll see!

Black History Month - African American Inventors, L

Black history inventors are listed alphabetically. Each listing has the name of the black inventor followed by the patent number(s) which is the unique number assigned to an invention when a patent is issued, the date the patent was issued, and a description of the invention as written by the inventor. If available, links are provided to in-depth articles, biographies, illustrations, and photos on each individual inventor or patent.   Lewis Howard Latimer #147,363, 2/10/1874, Water closets for railway cars (co-inventor Charles W.Brown)#247,097, 9/13/1881, Electric lamp, (co-inventor Joseph V. Nichols)​#252,386, 1/17/1882, Process of manufacturing carbons#255,212, 3/21/1882, Globe supporter for electric lamps (co-inventor John Tregoning)#334,078, 1/12/1886, Apparatus for cooling and disinfecting#557,076, 3/24/1896, Locking rack for hats, coats, and umbrellas#781,890, 2/7/1905, Book supporter#968,787, 8/30/1910, Lamp fixture William A. Lavalette #208,184, 9/17/1878, Improvement in printing presses#208,208, 9/17/1878, Variation of printing press Arthur Lee #2,065,337, 12/22/1936, Self propelled toy fish Henry Lee #61,941, 2/12/1867, Improvements in animal traps Joseph Lee #524,042, 8/7/1894, Kneading machine#540,553, 6/4/1895, Bread crumbing machine Lester A. Lee #4,011,116, 3/8/1977, Carbon dioxide laser fuels Maurice William Lee #2,906,191, 9/29/1959, Aromatic pressure cooker and smoker Robert Lee #2,132,304, 10/4/1938, Safety attachment for automotive vehicles Herbert Leonard #3,119,657, 1/28/1964, Production of hydroxylamine hydrochloride#3,586,740, 6/22/1971, High impact polystyrene Frank W. Leslie #590,325 9/21/1897 Envelope seal Francis Edward LeVert #4,091,288, 5/23/1978, Threshold self-powered gamma detector for use as a monitor of power in a nuclear reactor#4,722,610, 2/2/1988, Monitor for deposition on heat transfer surfaces#4,805,454, 2/21/1989, Continuous fluid level detector#4,765,943, Thermal neutron detectors and system using the same#4,316,180, Directional detector of changes in a local electrostatic field#4,280,684, Manual automobile pusher#4,277,727, Digital room light controller#4,259,575, Directional gamma detector#4,218,043, Manual automobile pusher#4,136,282, Directional detector of gamma rays#5,711,324, Hair drying curler apparatus#5,541,464, Thermionic generator#5,443,108, Upwardly deployed privacy blind#5,299,367, Hair drying curler apparatus#5,256,878, Self powered detector based monitor for radiographic cameras#6,886,274, Spring cushioned shoe#6,865,824, Fluid flow system for spring-cushioned shoe#6,665,957, Fluid flow system for spring-cushioned shoe#6,583,617, Barkhausen noise measurement probe with magneto resistive sensor and cylindrical magnetic shield#6,442,779, Portable feet elevator#6,353,656, Radioisotope based x-ray residual stress analysis apparatus#6,282,814, Spring cushioned shoe#6,240,967, Sleeve assembly for protecting conducting wires against damage by cutting implements#7,159,338, Fluid flow system for spring-cushioned shoe Anthony L. Lewis #483,359, 9/27/1892, Window cleaner Edward R. Lewis #362,096, 5/3/1887, Spring gun James Earl Lewis #3,388,399, 6/11/1968, Antenna feed for two coordinate tracking radars Henry Linden #459,365, 9/8/1891, Piano truck Ellis Little #254,666, 3/7/1882, Bridle-bit Emanuel L. Logan Jr #3,592,497, 7/13/1971, Door bar latch Amos E. Long #610,715, 9/13/1898, Cap for bottle and jars (co-inventor Albert A Jones) Frederick J. Loudin #510,432, 12/12/1893, Fastener for the meeting rails of sashes#512,308, 1/9/1894, Key fastener John Lee Love #542,419, 7/9/1895, Plasterers hawk#594,114, 11/23/1897, Pencil sharpener Henry R. Lovell #D 87,753, 9/13/1932, Design for a doorcheck William E. Lovett #3,054,666, 9/18/1962, Motor fuel composition James E. Lu Valle #3,219,445, 11/23/1965, Photographic processes#3,219,448, 11/23/1965, Photographic medium and methods of preparing same#3,219,451, 11/23/1965, Sensitizing photographic media

The Effects Of Smoke Related Illness On The United States...

Just over a billion people worldwide indulge themselves with a legal substance that has proven too insidiously cause disease or death. Approximately six million people die each year from this legal drug and it is one of the worst threats to humanity worldwide (WHO, 2016). This drug is sold legally over the counter throughout many countries including the United States. The Surgeon General’s Warning, â€Å"smoking causes lung cancer, heart disease, emphysema and may complicate pregnancy† was labeled on the packaging of cigarette boxes in the 1980’s. Eventually, launching a national campaign for smoking cessation. Despite the many laws that inhibit the use of tobacco smoke, these products continue to be a legally obtainable substance in the US with devastating damage as a result of their use. There are more than 480,000 Americans killed each year as a result of cigarette smoking, it is the largest preventable cause of disease and death. The cost of smoke related ill ness in the United States is more than $300 billion annually, which includes $170 billion in cost for medical care and $156 billion lost in productivity (CDC, 2016). The World Health Organization (WHO) suggests smoking causes demise in half of its users and estimates that 600,000 people are killed each year as a result of second-hand smoke (WHO, 2016). Smoking has been linked to several types of cancers (gastrointestinal, bladder, lung), cardiac and pulmonary diseases as well as cerebral vascular accidents.Show MoreRelated The Negitive Effects of Tobacco Essay1330 Words   |  6 Pagesgreatest problems in the United States. According to the statistics, tobacco has the highest death rate. Smoking is a very popular habit, even though we all know that smoking is very dangerous. Millions of people around the globe want to quit smoking for medical reasons such as having already two heart-valve replacement surgeries. By now, almost everyone knows that smoking and other tobacco use cause s cancer. But it can also cause may more problems. When you smoke tobacco, the effects on your body are immediateRead MoreHow Can Such a Life Threatening Issue Be Overlooked So Easily?1611 Words   |  7 PagesAmericans die every year from cigarette smoke, but not all of them are smokers. Conclusive information shows, â€Å"Since the 1964 Surgeon General’s Report, 2.5 million adults who were nonsmokers died because they breathed secondhand smoke† (â€Å"Health Effects†). These nonsmokers, who died from secondhand smoke related illnesses, were exposed to secondhand smoke throughout their lives in order for these illnesses to develop. Most adults who suffer from secondhand smoke related issues were raised in homes whereRead MoreBan Smoking The Clean Indoor Air Act940 Words   |  4 Pagesaround smokers. The Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has a research stating that 18 of every hundred adults in the U.S. currently smoke cigarettes, causing more th an 480,000 deaths every year (â€Å"Current Cigarette Smoking†). There are health issues that occur with smokers and passive smokers. The Clean Indoor Air Act was amended in Washington State on November 8, 2005 in order to protect residents’ health, prohibiting â€Å"smoking within 25 feet of entrances, exits, windows that open, and ventilationRead MoreTobacco Should Be Made Illegal Essay1010 Words   |  5 PagesCigarette smoking causes more than 480,000 deaths each year in the United States. This means about one out of every five deaths is a result of smoking. In addition to outright death, smoking has many detrimental effects on the lives of smokers and those around them. Fires, second-hand smoke, and smoking related motor vehicle accidents all plague the world and those in it. Tobacco should be made illegal because of the horrible consequences it inflicts on smokers and non-smokers alike. Tobacco isRead MoreSmoking Is The Preventable Cause Of Death And Disease941 Words   |  4 Pagesis smoking and it is killing many people. Why would you want to smoke if it causes so many deaths? People have all kinds of excuses for that question. Some of which include: â€Å"I’m stressed out†, and â€Å"I just want to fit in†. Would you want to die because you wanted to be cool or you felt stressed? There are many reasons why you should not smoke. It is causing pain and suffering not only to the smokers, but also to people who do not smoke. Addiction to smoking is one of the most serious and expensiveRead MoreTobacco Use And Smoking Related Illness1659 Words   |  7 PagesMore than 480,000 people smoke every day and over 16 million people suffer from smoking related illnesses. For every dead smoker, at least thirty people live with a smoking related illness. Worldwide, tobacco use causes nearly six million deaths per year, and current trends show that tobacco use will cause more than eight million deaths annually by the year 2030. On average, smokers dies ten years earlier than nonsmokers and if smoking continue at the current rate among U.S. youth, 5.6 million ofRead MoreTobacco and Cigarette Smoking1030 Words   |  5 Pagestobacco related disease, which results in a shocking amount of ten deaths per minute. Tobacco is one of the most heavily used addictive products in the United States. Tobacco contains over 4,000 chemicals; approximately 250 are dangerously harmful to humans. Smoking is a major public health problem. All smokers face an increased risk of lung cancer, cardiovascular problems and many other disorders. Smoking should be banned due to the many health risks to the user, second hand related smoke illnessRead MoreSmoking Essay1322 Words   |  6 Pageshigher chance you will likely die. Smoking reduces your ability for physical movement and smokers are more likely to get a blood clot. Your dangers increase if you smoke and have a family history of coronary illness. Smoking likewise makes a higher hazard for supply route and artery disease. It builds the danger of intermittent coronary illness after sidestep surgery. If you stop smoking now your lungs will eventually start to heal. You must stick with a treatment plan as long as possible. If you stopRead MoreEssay on Marijuana vs. Cigarettes1012 Words   |  5 PagesCigarettes are a mixture of the most dangerous substances for humans to consume and yet they are legal and mass produced so that everyone can smoke them. Marijuana on the other hand is nowhere nearly as harmful as cigarettes but is illegal and looked at as if it were far worse than cigarettes. It is long overdue that society recognizes the fact that marijuana is better for people than cigarettes by a mile. Cigarettes are extremely more addictive than marijuana, the usage patterns for marijuana cannotRead MoreHarmful Effects of Smoking1418 Words   |  6 PagesHarmful effects of smoking Doan Thi Huong Thao BAIU08155 International University HCMC Academic English 2 Bien Thi Thanh Mai Instructor May 17, 2010 Abstract Smoking is known to be a primary cause of harmful effects on health, family, environment and society. However, scientist research in health and environment, that researches show that smoking cause many diseases, even lung cancer. An aim of my study has been to determine that smoking also effect on family and society. Results indicated

A Growing Problem in the United States Free Essays

Stating this proves that it schools are a in the epidemic. The epidemic is increasing and part of it rising is the schools fault. There are thousands and thousands of children who become obese from eating school lunch. We will write a custom essay sample on A Growing Problem in the United States or any similar topic only for you Order Now School lunches are very high in the calories. Their lunches are very unhealthy. It doesn’t only make children become obese or overweight. It also ruins their health, and that is very bad. Also according to the mnn. om website â€Å"those who regularly ate the school lunch were 29 percent more likely to become obese that those who packed their own. † By learning this we know children who eat lunch has a greater percent to becoming obese. Also learning this proves that school lunch is very unhealthy. Therefore I think schools should pay attention to how their school lunch affects a child’s weight. Vending machines and chool stores sell too much high calorie snacks and drinks. This needs to stop because this is another reason why childhood obesity increases from schools. I think the vending machines and the school stores need to have healthier snacks and drinks. President Obama says â€Å"Removing unhealthy high-calorie snacks and drinks from schools is a important step toward tackling the nation’s childhood obesity epidemic. † What president Obama is basically saying is that removing snacks and drinks will help to lessen childhood obesity in America. Removing is way to lessen our big trouble with children weight. Removing unhealthy snacks and drinks could give America to decrease childhood obesity. Also president Obama said â€Å"the sale of unhealthy high-calorie snacks and drinks in school vending machines undermines these etto rts to ensure access to healthy and nutritious t in schools † Basically president Obama is trying to say selling these high calorie snacks and drinks is not supporting the decrease in childhood obesity schools should not sell unhealthy things to children. I think schools should sell healthy snacks and drinks because the students can benefit in school and use it in their daily lives. For example maybe if they eat healthy in school it will encourage the kids to eat healthy outside of school and if they eat healthy they don’t have to worry about become obese or overweight. This gives a child a better way not to become obese or overweight. As a conclusion to this I think schools should decrease the amount of calories that are in their snacks and drinks. They should make the snacks and drinks healthier. I believe schools should wake up and look and start having more physical activities. Children in America are too overweight and they should start having more physical activity and exercise. The perfect way for kids to exercise is at school with all their friends and for them to have fun while doing it. According to Kelly D â€Å"obesity is but one of many problems brought on by poor diet and lack of physical activity. † (Page 142) Exercise is very important way to prevent obesity. So school is Just the right place to provide children a way to prevent obesity. Children can exercise 45 minutes a day. That way children have a better chance to not end up being obese or overweight. According to Kiess W, Marcus, Claud and Wabitsch â€Å"physical activity is one of the most important factors for therapy and prevention of obesity in children. Physical activity is a graet prevention for childhood obesity. This is another good way for children to exercise in school. It gives people who are obese a chance to not be obese anymore. Physical activity is a great and easy way to become normal in weigh. It also keeps people healthy. Children can practice all kinds of physical activities. They can have fun while doing physical activity. They can have fun exercising at the same time practicing to be healthy. Physical activity is very easy and healthy way to prevent obesity. Also the cdc. com website states that physical activity helps reduce the risk of eveloping obesity. So if you can exercise often there is a greater chance that you’re not likely to become obese then a person who eats the same as you and does not exercise. So the more you exercise the better. As a result schools should open more physical activities because if they do the amount of child hood obesity will lessen. The three ways that schools can help with childhood obesity giving healthier school lunch, lessening the high calorie snacks and drinks, and adding more physical activities in schools. I think schools need healthier lunch because children’s weight can be decreased. I also think he high calorie snacks and drinks need to be lessened in vending machines and school stores. I also think there should be more physical activities its easy and its fun. Childhood obesity need to b decreased now and schools can help. They need to give healthier lunch, decrease the amount of high calorie drinks and snacks, and they also need to add more physical activities. Childhood obesity is a big social issue in America and we can make it decreased if we get the schools involved. So we need to start as soon as possible because the rising of childhood obesity is not looking good. So let’s get schools involved now. How to cite A Growing Problem in the United States, Papers

RwandaGenocide or Civil War Essay Example For Students

RwandaGenocide or Civil War Essay The current state of affairs in Rwanda constitutes a catastrophe that never should have happened. Unfortunately, it has happened, but do the circumstances and outcomes warrant using the term genocide? Based on facts about the ethnic make up of Rwanda, there is abundant proof that this is actually a case of violent, ongoing civil wars, and the use of the term genocide is not justified. The major crime problem in Rwanda since 1994 has been mass murder, officially know as genocide, which has been prevalent in this country in the mist of years of civil war. Genocide is defined as the methodically planned eradication of a racial, political, or cultural group. The United Nations (1998) has declared in the Convention on the Punishment and Prevention of the Crime of Genocide of 1946, that genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group (p. 1). Genocide represents a horror so special that the term has previously been used to described only two events in the twentieth century: the massacre of Armenians by Turks in 1915, and the Nazi Holocaust against the Jews. The United Nations (1998) stated that any persons committing genocide or any of the other acts enumerated in article III shall be punished(2). The Convention on the Punishment and Prevention of the Crime of Genocide hammere d out the statutes concerning genocide, which went into force January 12, 1951. These are still considered law. How or what the specific punishment is or should be is not defined in these articles. Since most members of the United Nations do not practice the death penalty, the most common punishment for genocide is life in prison without parole. The population of Rwanda is estimated at 8,154,933 (Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1999, p.2). Rwanda is one of the most densely populated countries in Africa, with the approximate population density of 302 persons per square kilometer (Rwanda, 2000 p.1). A majority of Rwandans live in a rural setting. There are three main ethnic groups that make up the population: the Hutu (approximately 80 percent), the Tutsi (around 19 percent), noted as primarily farmers and cattle herders, and the Twa (1 percent), a pygmoid people thought to be the original inhabitants of the region (CIA, 1999, p.3). The religions of Rwanda include Catholicism, Protestant, Islam, and other indigenous beliefs (Rwanda, 2000 p 1). Most Rwandans live in round grass huts in farms scattered over the countrys many hills. Family life is central to society (Rwanda, 2000 p 1). Rwanda is a landlocked, mountainous country in east central Africa. The neighboring countries include Uganda to the north, Tanzania to the east, Burundi to the south, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which borders Rwanda to the west (Rwanda, 2000 p.1). Rwanda is one of Africas smallest countries, covering an area of only 10,169 square miles (Rwanda, 2000 p.1). The government of Rwanda is a multiparty democracy with a limited presidential term. Agriculture, manufacturing, and trade compose the majority of the economy. Close to one half of the land is used for farming coffee, tea, beans, potatoes, sorghum, bananas, and livestock. The natural resources of Rwanda are reserves of gold, beryl, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore) and methane (natural gas). Due to the dense population with terrible poverty and tense ethnic composition, there have been pressures to boost exports to make up for the amounts of imported products need to survive. This puts a strain on the la borers of Rwanda to increase the amount of goods produced for export in order to pay for all the imports.According to the CIA (1999), 1998 records list the country of Rwanda debt was $1.2 billion (p. 7). The economic strain places the Tutsi and the Hutu at even greater level of hostility. This strain is due in part to the fact that the Hutu are the majority and are predominantly agriculturist. The Tutsi, on the other hand, are primarily cattle herders. In this society owning cattle is a symbol of superior status. Computer, Internet, Privacy INTERNET REGULATION: POLICING CYBERSPACE T EssayThere have been some speculations as to whether the people being charged are the ones truly responsible for the injustices. Hutu extremists have long been thought responsible for killing Habyarimana in a bid to sabotage his efforts to implement a power-sharing deal with the Tutsis (Cohen, 2000, p.1). Are the Rwandans trying the right people for the crime committed?There are several proposed solutions for the problems of the ethnic conflict in Rwanda. First, Rwandan and international authorities should deal more openly with ethnic issues. Secondly, Rwanda and the international community should accept a degree of voluntary social and/or ethnic segregation in some areas of Rwanda. Another solution would be for the United Nations and their allies to show a stronger presence in Rwanda to help settle disputes until Rwanda is able to establish a system that works for that country. An additional solution to Rwandas problems is to establish a more organized and monitored employment structure. A further resolution to Rwandas tribulations would be to set up a type of reeducation camp, held by the U.N. to help teach Rwandans about their humanitarian rights. The best solution would be, for the United Nations and its members, to relieve Rwanda of its debts and send as much relief support as possible to enable Rwanda to get on its feet and start over. This might not be feasible in application, but in theory it is what Rwanda needs, as well as better ethnic relations. The notion that genocide was committed in Rwanda ultimately rests upon the argument that the 1994 massacres were pre-planned military operations. The kills were more accurately a retaliatory response to the killing of the president than premeditated genocidal killings. There is no proof of the deliberate plan to wipe-out the Tutsis or the Hutus. True enough there were unnecessary mass killings of different ethnic groups, and genocide was a part of the bloody civil war, but there are no findings that point to an all out genocidal killing of either ethnic group. Americans killed each other during our Civil War, but we do not look at it as The Genocide between the North and South. It was just a war, as is this injustice. Bibliography:

4 Ways to Improve Your Resume

4 Ways to Improve Your Resume No matter how good your resume or C.V., it can always be better. Try the following four strategies to bump yours up into the category of greatness, and see if you can’t land that dream job. 1. Make it skim-ableEase of reading is key. Organize your document so that the hiring manager can find the information they need without effort or strain of any kind. Work hardest on the headers, eliminate unnecessary verbiage, and concentrate on putting the most important and relevant information in the first five words of each description. The faster they can get the gist of how great you are, the better.2. Tailor to the jobYes, tailoring each resume you send to the particular position is a pain- and requires a ton of extra work, but it’s a great habit to get into. It’s more important to do this than to have one resume that is formatted beautifully and fits perfectly on to one page. Figure out what the hiring manager wants from a candidate, and do your best to present yourse lf specifically in that light.3. Make it mobileWe never used to have to think about how our perfectly formatted resume would read on a smart phone or a PDA. This is, however, the world we live in now. Double check how your files open on these mobile devices and alter accordingly to make sure you’re not shortchanging yourself if a hiring manager reads your application on the run.4. Go liveMake a website for yourself for job search purposes. It doesn’t need to include much more than your resume, but it’s always useful to have a direct link in case a file is unreadable on one device or computer or the other. It’s also a very useful way to encourage people to look at your portfolio- without being asked for it directly.Endless tinkering of your resume is not the idea here. Just make sure you’re firing on all cylinders, then update it, and let it go. Get out there and get the job!

Cane toads essays

Cane toads essays These toads were being used successfully in the Caribbean islands and in Hawaii to combat the cane beetle, a pest of sugar cane crops. After good reviews from overseas, Hawaii shipped a box of toads to Gordonvale, just south of Cairns. These were held in captivity for awhile and then they were released into the sugar cane fields of the tropic north. It was later discovered that the toads can't jump very high so they did not eat the cane beetles which stayed up on the upper stalks of the cane plants. At the time of year when the beetle's larvae were emerging from the ground, no toads were about. So the cane toad, as it came to be known, had no impact on the cane beetles at all and farmers had to go back to the use of chemicals to kill the beetle. Meanwhile, the 'cat was out of the bag' or, more accurately, the toads were out of the box! But there were only 102 of them so nobody gave any thought to catching them up again and disposing of them. The toads were on their own and they prove d to be very hardy survivors. They turned out to be a lot more than they bargained for and it didn't take long to find out how well the toads would do in their new Australian home. Firstly, they breed like flies, as the saying goes. Each pair of cane toads can lay 20,000 per breeding season. Their 'toadpoles' develop faster than many Australian frogs so they can out compete our frogs for food. Toads and toadpoles seem to be resistant to some herbicides and eutrophic water which would normally kill frogs and tadpoles. All stages of a toad's life are poisonous so they have no natural predators to keep their numbers in check. Finally, toads not only eat the food normally available to Australian frogs, there is growing anecdotal evidence that they eat frogs as well. Captive cane toads will eat everything from dog food to mice and they keep growing until they reach 25cm in length and over 2 kilos. In recent years, it has been noticed that toads in the Cairns are...

Introdiction to airline and airport management Essay

Introdiction to airline and airport management - Essay Example It is important to evaluate whether these factors are positively affecting the commercial air transport or not. The expectations of air passengers have increased in terms of quality of air transport services. Since passengers groups can be segmented into various categories based on different variables therefore, their needs may vary. The immense variability among the needs of the passengers has always been a major concern for the airlines. The ultimate need of all passengers is their satisfaction. Apart from the service quality improvements made by all airlines, the airports have widely adopting the quality criteria. Since the airports are also operating in a more competitive environment therefore, airport management is improving to serve passengers in a better manner. In the previous years, the customers used to buy tickets directly from the airlines and no contractual relationship used to exist between the customers and the airport. Today, the situation is very different because even without having any contractual relationship with the airports, the passengers expect to have excellent airport services. For fulfilling the needs of the passengers, the airport nowadays are giving great focus towards ground handling, security checks, airport access and border controls etc. The European airports have developed â€Å"Airport Voluntary Commitment on Air Passenger Service.† It has been developed after the extensive consultation of airport management with Consumers, European Commission and European Government. According to the voluntary commitment, European airports accept the responsibility to provide defined quality of services to the travellers without any legal binding on a consistent basis. For example, according to Airport Voluntary Commitment, â€Å"Each airport will prominently publicise the services it offers for assisting passengers with reduced mobility (PRMs).† 2 The

Social Media Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Social Media Marketing - Essay Example Considering the wide range of social media sites covered, this marketing design will have a very wide range of audience across the globe. All the socio-economic classes of the human society are reached out to by this advert, providing a strong base of potential buyers (Safko 2013). In addition to the large social media coverage, this advert gives a detailed and all inclusive description of the Tecno smartphones. The description of the features is brought out in a colorful and eye-catching animations accompanied by step by step audio explanations. The audio explanations are of a wide variety of languages; English, French, German, Kiswahili, Arabic and even some local dialects. This gives first-hand information to the audience because one does not need a translation in order to understand the information being conveyed. Translations are sometimes biased since the translator may say what they think is important. As a result a potential buyer may fail to buy the product because what they were looking for in a phone was omitted by the translator. The advert is also accompanied by a step by step tutorial on the use of the smart phone. This is optional and can be viewed by anyone who has never used a smart phone before (Zimmerman 2013). This is an added advantage as compared to the inserts and user manuals that are usually inserted in the smartphone boxes. Some of the user manuals are typed in very tiny fonts making them stannous to read. An audio version would therefore be preferred by some customers. Currently the smartphone market is flooded by very many brands of smartphones. The major smartphones in the market are; Samsung, Apple, Sony, Alcatel, LG, Infinix and many others. All these smartphones ideally have the same features and applications. The hardware and the brand names are the only variables in this industry. The availability of many brands creates a cutthroat competition, with every company trying to have a bigger share of the market. In

Comparison Of Rdbms Oodbms And Ordbms Information Technology Essay

Comparison Of Rdbms Oodbms And Ordbms Information Technology Essay The presentation of the similarities and differences between relational modeling of data and the object oriented modeling of data is of great importance both for data base designers and for users. By being well acquainted with the relational model and by noting the similarities and differences between the two approaches to data modeling, designers will be able to turn into account and to make use of the already acquired experience as an important basis for understanding and learning the methodology of designing object oriented databases. At the time if designers know the similarities and differences between these two approaches they have the possibility to convert a relational model into an object oriented model and inversely Informatica Economica Journal. 01/01/2007; http://c.researchgate.net/images/symbols/icon_thumb_up_grey.png?e59f9 I like this! http://c.researchgate.net/images/symbols/icon_thumb_up.png?e59f9 You like this publication http://www.researchgate.net/publication/26589213_Comparison_of_RDBMS_OODBMS_and_ORDBMS /**************************** What is the difference between odbms rdbms and ordbms? In: Database Programming, JAVA Programming [Edit categories] Data Warehousing Software Industry leading data warehousing Gather maintain consistent data www.sas.com/uk Ads by Google http://en.site1.answers.com/templates/icons/rc_gray1.gif?v=68832http://en.site1.answers.com/templates/icons/rc_gray1b.gif?v=68832 [Improve] http://en.site1.answers.com/templates/icons/abar_a.gif?v=68832 Answer The differences between the three approaches Table 1: A Comparison of Database Management Systems Criteria RDBMS ODBMS ORDBMS Defining standard SQL2 ODMG-2.0 SQL3 (in process) Support for object-oriented features Does not support; It is difficult to map program object to the database Supports extensively Limited support; mostly to new data types Usage Easy to use OK for programmers; some SQL access for end users Easy to use except for some extensions Support for complex relationships Does not support abstract datatypes Supports a wide variety of datatypes and data with complex inter-relationships Supports Abstract datatypes and complex relationships Performance Very good performance Relatively less performance Expected to perform very well Product maturity Relatively old and so very mature This concept is few years old and so relatively mature Still in development stage so immature. The use of SQL Extensive supports SQL OQL is similar to SQL, but with additional features like Complex objects and object-oriented features. SQL3 is being developed with OO features incorporated in it Advantages Its dependence on SQL, relatively simple query optimization hence good performance It can handle all types of complex applications, reusability of code, less coding Ability to query complex applications and ability to handle large and complex applications Disadvantages Inability to handle complex applications Low performance due to complex query optimization, inability to support large-scale systems Low performance in web applications Support from vendors It is considered to be highly successful so the market size is very large but many vendors are moving towards ORDBMS Presently lacking vendor support due to vast size of RDBMS market All major RDBMS vendors are after this so has very good future http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_difference_between_odbms_rdbms_and_ordbms /********************************** OODBMS (Object Oriented Database Management System) Basics http://a323.yahoofs.com/coreid/4ae33e2bid18zul6sp1/zfIn.0szaa93rhgGjKCz5w/103/tn32.jpg?ciAQ2PNBJuqYP1Eh user by Bridewin, on Sun Nov 1, 2009 7:22am PST 2 Comments Post a Comment Read More from This Author  » Report Abuse http://a323.yahoofs.com/phugc/CrYlacFZl0FQ/photos/3e34afb6e0dfef3b7ff88aa6f8a2a63f/ori_667cb5ad1ce04b.jpg?ug_____DU3GDkZ3x OODBMS System An object database (also object-oriented database) is a database model in which information is represented in the form of objects as used in object-oriented programming. Object databases are a niche field within the broader DBMS market dominated by relational database management systems (RDBMS). Object databases have been considered since the early 1980s and 1990s but they have made little impact on mainstream commercial data processing, though there is some usage in specialized areas. When database capabilities are combined with object-oriented (OO) programming language capabilities, the result is an object database management system (ODBMS). Todays trend in programming languages is to utilize objects, thereby making OODBMS ideal for OO programmers because they can develop the product, store them as objects, and can replicate or modify existing objects to make new objects within the OODBMS. Information today includes not only data but video, audio, graphs, and photos which are considered complex data types. Relational DBMS arent natively capable of supporting these complex data types. By being integrated with the programming language, the programmer can maintain consistency within one environment because both the OODBMS and the programming language will use the same model of representation. Relational DBMS projects using complex data types would have to be divided into two separate tasks: the database model and the application. As the usage of web-based technology increases with the implementation of Intranets and extranets, companies have a vested interest in OODBMS to display their complex data. Using a DBMS that has been specifically designed to store data as objects gives an advantage to those companies that are geared towards multimedia presentation or organizations that utilize computer-aided design (CAD). Some object-oriented databases are designed to work well with object-oriented programming languages such as Python, Perl, Java, C#, Visual Basic .NET, C++, Objective-C and Smalltalk; others have their own programming languages. ODBMSs use exactly the same model as object-oriented programming languages. Advantages: The main benefit of creating a database with objects as data is speed. OODBMS are faster than relational DBMS because data isnt stored in relational rows and columns but as objects. Objects have a many to many relationship and are accessed by the use of pointers. Pointers are linked to objects to establish relationships. Another benefit of OODBMS is that it can be programmed with small procedural differences without affecting the entire system. This is most helpful for those organizations that have data relationships that arent entirely clear or need to change these relations to satisfy the new business requirements. This ability to change relationships leads to another benefit which is that relational DBMS cant handle complex data models while OODBMS can. Disadvantages: Slower and more difficult to formulate than relational. Lack of interoperability with a great number of tools/features that are taken for granted in the SQL world, including but not limited to industry standard connectivity, reporting tools, OLAP tools, and backup and recovery standards. Lack a formal mathematical foundation, unlike the relational model, and this in turn leads to weaknesses in their query support. Applications: Object databases based on persistent programming acquired a niche in application areas such as engineering and spatial databases, telecommunications, and scientific areas such as high energy physics and molecular biology. They have made little impact on mainstream commercial data processing, though there is some usage in specialized areas of financial services.[6][7] It is also worth noting that object databases held the record for the Worlds largest database (being the first to hold over 1000 terabytes at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center)[8] and the highest ingest rate ever recorded for a commercial database at over one Terabyte per hour. Another group of object databases focuses on embedded use in devices, packaged software, and real-time systems. http://shine.yahoo.com/channel/none/oodbms-object-oriented-database-management-system-basics-533483/ /************************************** Observations from a Tech Architect: Enterprise Implementation Issues Solutions by Craig Borysowich  (Chief Technology Tactician) Enterprise Technology Architect Craig Borysowich shares the challenges and achievements of enterprise solution design and more Enterprise Technology Architect Craig Borysowich shares the challenges and achievements of enterprise solution design and implementation. ..less Blog Main  /   Archive  /   Invite Peers   RSSRSS for Posts  /   RSS for Comments Previous Entry / Next Entry Some Pros Cons of Relational Databases Craig Borysowich  (Chief Technology Tactician)  posted  5/1/2008 | Comments  (0) http://images.ittoolbox.com/vt/icons/thumbsup.pngLike (0) Please Sign In or Register to like this blog. Working Share Share The relational model for databases provides the basic DBMS characteristics. In addition, an RDBMS also conforms to Codds model. Relational Database Characteristics Dr. Codd established 12 rules to which a DBMS must conform to be considered relational. DBMSs vary in the way in which they comply with these rules, however, commercial relational databases generally conform to these rules. Strengths of RDBMS Flexible and well-established. Sound theoretical foundation and use over many years has resulted in stable, standardized products available. Standard data access language through SQL. Costs and risks associated with large development efforts and with large databases are well understood. The fundamental structure, i.e., a table, is easily understood and the design and normalization process is well defined. Weaknesses of RDBMS Performance problems associated with re-assembling simple data structures into their more complicated real-world representations. Lack of support for complex base types, e.g., drawings. SQL is limited when accessing complex data. Knowledge of the database structure is required to create ad hoc queries. Locking mechanisms defined by RDBMSs do not allow design transactions to be supported, e.g., the check in and check out type of feature that would allow an engineer to modify a drawing over the course of several working days. http://it.toolbox.com/blogs/enterprise-solutions/some-pros-cons-of-relational-databases-24144 /******************************* The Advantages of a Relational Database Management System ds_0ecbc811-e864-4fed-a7c6-5a46ff28cd3fContributor By Deborah Lee Soltesz, eHow Contributing Writer Article Rating: (0 Ratings)   Email   Facebook   Twitter   StumbleUpon Add to Favorites   Print   Share I want to do this! Whats This? RDBMSs provide user access control and data integrity features. data security image by dinostock from Fotolia.com   RDBMSs provide user access control and data integrity features. A Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) is a software system that provides access to a relational database. The software system is a collection of software applications that can be used to create, maintain, manage and use the database. A relational database is a database structured on the relational model. Data are stored and presented in a tabular format, organized in rows and columns with one record per row. Data Structure The table format is simple and easy for database users to understand and use. RDBMSs provide data access using a natural structure and organization of the data. Database queries can search any column for matching entries. Multi-User Access RDBMSs allow multiple database users to access a database simultaneously. Built-in locking and transactions management functionality allow users to access data as it is being changed, prevents collisions between two users updating the data, and keeps users from accessing partially updated records. Privileges Authorization and privilege control features in an RDBMS allow the database administrator to restrict access to authorized users, and grant privileges to individual users based on the types of database tasks they need to perform. Authorization can be defined based on the remote client IP address in combination with user authorization, restricting access to specific external computer systems. Network Access RDBMSs provide access to the database through a server daemon, a specialized software program that listens for requests on a network, and allows database clients to connect to and use the database. Users do not need to be able to log in to the physical computer system to use the database, providing convenience for the users and a layer of security for the database. Network access allows developers to build desktop tools and Web applications to interact with databases. Speed The relational database model is not the fastest data structure. RDBMS advantages, such as simplicity, make the slower speed a fair trade-off. Optimizations built into an RDBMS, and the design of the databases, enhance performance, allowing RDBMSs to perform more than fast enough for most applications and data sets. Improvements in technology, increasing processor speeds and decreasing memory and storage costs allow systems administrators to build incredibly fast systems that can overcome any database performance shortcomings. Maintenance RDBMSs feature maintenance utilities that provide database administrators with tools to easily maintain, test, repair and back up the databases housed in the system. Many of the functions can be automated using built-in automation in the RDBMS, or automation tools available on the operating system. Language RDBMSs support a generic language called Structured Query Language (SQL). The SQL syntax is simple, and the language uses standard English language keywords and phrasing, making it fairly intuitive and easy to learn. Many RDBMSs add non-SQL, database-specific keywords, functions and features to the SQL language.

Solar charger

As an experienced company specializing in designing, engineering, manufacturing and selling various kinds of products, such as accessories of computer and mobile phone, fashionable electronic product, electric gifts, novelty lights & lighting, promotional gifts & crafts and other various kinds of promotional items.Slinya owns not only the advanced production equipments and strong development strength, but also a group of technicians and veteran workers with rich skill and good rainings which are the backbone of the fast and convenient delivery and best service for customers. Customer's satisfication has always been main goal, Slinya has an professional quality team and many precision testing equipments to ensure that all products have the best quality control.They also have gotten the official certificates of IS09001 : 2000 ; IS014001 : 2004 from third party organization, and all products are internationally recognized with RoHS compliance. Slinya Group always hold on to technology c reation and marketing development, continuously promote our competition, and do the best to satisfy market's equirements with company's flexibility, so as to provide best service and best products to their customers. The products have been distributed and exported to many countries all around the world, such as the United States, Europe, South Asia, Middle East and other areas.They have won the high reputation and long term cooperation from customer both at home and overseas. Products and Services 10000mAh Power Bank Portable Solar Charger Rechargeable Solar Battery Product Features: product price RM105 per 1; 200 Pieces RM60 This product is a multi-function solar emergency charger. Meet an emergency: When you go to outside or power cuts, you also can use your mobile phone with solar energy. Convenience: Whenever and wherever you are, you can charge your mobile phone in time, and you could talk with others when charging.Environment protect, save resource: You can use solar energy to charge your mobile phone wherever and whenever. Exquisite workmanship, high-capacity Solar efficient charging Multi – voltage mode, extensive support for laptop and mobile digital devices Multiple intelligent security protection: over current, overvoltage, overload and short circuit rotection LED remaining power smart tips Capacity Input: DC 1 . OA (max) output: DC 5. OV 2. 1A (max) Solar panel: 1. W The battery indicator: 4-LED indicate (charging, full of bright blue light) Connectors for mobile phone: for iPhone 5, for iPhone, Micro USB adaptor, for Mini USB, For Nokia N70 Size: 132 x 14t-nrn weight: 226g Color: Black, Silvery, Hot Pink, Blue Package Included: 1 x 10000mAh Solar Battery Charger lx Charger Cable Charger Adapters lx Retail Package Shenzhen LETSOLAR Technology Co. , Ltd Shenzhen LETSOLAR Technology Co. , Ltd was established in 2005, the headquarter nd R;D department is located in Nanshan, Shenzhen city.We integrate research, development ; manufacture and spec ialize in solar charger as well as portable charger field. With strong R;D capacity, LETSOLAR not only continuously improve main products solar charger ; portable charger, but also develop solar lighting system, solar pack, solar torch, solar DIY kit, etc. They emphasize on products R;D and build a 7 people R;D team of electronic, structure, shape. All the products have China appearance patent. LETSOLAR also pay attention to products environmental property. All the products re under CE ; RoHS certificate and correspond with EIJ REACH regulations.Also some products are USA FCC approved. In 2012, LETSOLAR has moved to a new manufacturing base, the building area is more than 2,500 square meters. New factory including mold-tooling design, product development, plastic injection and manufacture process. In this way it will improve our R;D, manufacture and quality control capacity, and they can give you quick response and better service. Products ; Services Tiger senes Of LETSOLAR Big powe r solar Charger 6000mAh Product Detail Product Price RM 170 per 1 Brand name: Letsolar Type: Solar output: 5V/2. A ; 5V/1A Solar Panel: high efficiency solar panel Power display: LCD Place of Origin: Guangdong. China Input: 5V/1A Weight' 195g Use; Charger for all phones Battery: Li-Polymer Capacity: 6000mAh output port: 2 USB & Micro USB Size: 92mm x 152mm x 20mm Packaging & Delivery Packaging Detail: neutral package Delivery detail: 15 – 20 days after reiceve the paymenbt Specification 6000mAh Li-polymer battery, can charge iPhone 300% High efficiency solar panel Three output Inbuilt cable Self-charging time: 12 hours by laptop, 7 hours by 5WIA travel charger NingboYinzhou Guanya Optoelectronics Co. , Ltd. Ningbo Yinzhou Guanya Optoelectronics Co. , Ltd company was established on 2008, its professional in exporting solar products and portable chargers, aiming at global market. their goal is to supply green products to our customers with good quality and prices. The products include solar charger, foldable solar charger set, solar LED flashlight, solar keychain, outdoor solar light, portable charger, phone charger, power bank and so on.They are widely used in daily life, camping, travel, exploration, searching and for emergency use. They strictly execute IS09001 :2000 production standard to meet customer requirements. Most of the products are certified by CE, RoHS and EN-71. Our engineers could customize personalized design and packing to ensure their customers acquire the competitive products. They could also offer customers with OEM service to fit the distribution.Since 2012, we have issued a very important plan for opening oversea markets. We can supply DIA 30-120 DAYS services for our good customer to open their local market. We believe that in this way we can grow up together in the future.

Marx and Weber within Religion

Marx and Durkheim jointly cover the nucleus of the sociological thought on various issues. They encompass the major issues within the sociological tradition. Religion remained their favorite sociological subject and their have speculated over the issue in the modern sociological context. Marxian reflection on the sociology of religion is very limited whereas Durkheim has contributed largely on the philosophical and sociological issues pertaining to religion.   Marx is considered as an avant-garde sociologist on the concept of religion. Being influenced by Hegel's philosophy, Marx considers religion is a manifestation of â€Å"material realities and economic injustice†. Therefore, he labels problems in religion are eventually ultimate social problems. Most of the Marxian thought on the sociological aspects of religion is reflected in the quite a few opening paragraphs of his â€Å"Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right: Introduction.† These are the same passages that include his widely quoted pronouncement on religion, that â€Å"it is the opium of the people.† Nevertheless, this statement by Marx can not be taken as demonstration of Marxian religious view. It is often misquoted devoid of its context. Marx’s starts his essay â€Å"Contribution to a Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right† with such words; â€Å"For Germany the criticism of religion is in the main complete, and criticism of religion is the premise of all criticism.† (Marx 1964B: 43) This raises the concerns why Marx has pronounced religious criticism as the essential element of all criticisms. The basic factor that compelled Marx to declare religious criticism as the basic form was the magnitude of significance that religion holds in the lives of humans. Now the question arises why Marx has declared the criticism of religion as he basic of all criticisms. John Macmurrary considers that it was the acknowledgement of historical judgment on the part of Marx. It was an illustration of his understanding on the social function of religion. He says in this regard; By criticism, in this phrase, we must be careful to understand what Marx understood by it, not the blank denial of religion, but the historical understanding of its necessity and function in society, which leads to its dialectical negation when its function is completed. Marx meant that the understanding of religion was the key to the understanding of social history. (Macmurrary 1935: 219) Mckown reinforces the same understanding like Mcmurray that Marx deems religion as a useful social tool and this thinking developed as profound analysis of social history pertaining to religion. But Mckown further emphasizes that this statement has too much generalization. (Mckown, 1975. p.46) Marx further asserts that religion is the production of social evolution and its serves society and state in several ways.   He does not eulogize religion but consider it of vital importance for layman as it enriches their lives with sense of worth. He says in this regards; Religion is, indeed, the self-consciousness and self-esteem of man who has either not yet won through to himself, or has already lost himself again. But man is no abstract being squatting outside the world. Man is the world of man—state, society. This state and this society produce religion, which is an inverted consciousness of the world, because they are an inverted world. Religion is the general theory of this world, its encyclopedic compendium, its logic in popular form, its spiritual point d'honneur, its enthusiasm, its moral sanction, its solemn complement, and its universal basis of consolation and justification. It is the fantastic realization of the human essence since the human essence has not acquired any true reality. The struggle against religion is, therefore, indirectly the struggle against that world whose spiritual aroma is religion. (Marx, 1964) Appraisal of religion is primary as religion creates the inverted delusions that the religion world i.e life hereafter, deities etc. is factual and that the material world is a shadow of that real life. So in his criticism of â€Å"religion†, he hit any religion that capsizes the physical world from being the primary reality. As an acquittal from his explicit attack on, Marx lessens his negative perception by evaluating the foundational purpose of religion in this way; â€Å"Religious suffering is at the same time an expression of real suffering and a protest against real suffering. Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the sentiment of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the opium of the people.† Marx’s religious viewpoint is not sympathetic toward religion and he does not consider it an extra-human phenomenon. But he is of the view hat religion is a product of society in order to provide solace to the distressed people. It was the mechanization of the poor to create an illusory world for themselves to create an escape from harsh realities of life. So he thinks that abolition of religion is necessary to eradicate the illusory world and create an environment for their real happiness. He says that religion is not a malady in itself but it is the indication and the remedy (simultaneously) of that malady i.e. religion is an expression and solution to a more fundamental happiness. So Marxian assertions about religion are not negative as they are often understood and interpreted. It manifests that Marx has a â€Å"partial validation of religion† until a suitable economic system does not remove the causes that created it. Marxian idea of religion derives its strength from his idea of â€Å"alienation†. He think hat it was â€Å"alienation† [1] that dehumanize the individuals and religious opium comes as a minimum resistance by the exploited people that provides illusory hope against the real exploitation. Another Marxian critic, Norman Birnbaum (1969), interpret this phenomenon in his way, to Marx, â€Å"religion is a spiritual response to a condition of alienation.† (p.126) Illustrating the ultimate and real purpose of religion (contrary to the view of the commom folk), he further exaplin Marxian view; â€Å"Religion was conceived to be a powerful conservative force that served to perpetuate the domination of one social class at the expense of others.† (Ibid 127).† So this a cause and effect phenomenon as this illusory hope of common and exploited folk further distoirts the socio-economic condition and in this way self-alienation of individual oincreases with more reliance on religion. Raines[2] sums up the Marxian sociology of religion in this way; â€Å"Like the Hebrew prophets of old, Marx knew that to speak of social justice we must become socially self-critical, and that means becoming critical of the ruling powers—whether they be kings or priests or investment bankers†¦. For Marx, all ideas are relative to the social location and interests of their production. And like the prophets before him, the most revealing perspective is not from the top down or the center outward, but the†¦point of view of the exploited and marginalized. Suffering can see through and unveil official explanations; it can cry out and protest against the arrogance of power.† (Raines) To Durkheim, religion was a social phenomenon that originates directly from the social needs of a society but he considers it an essential regulating force that shapes and determines the consciousness of a society. But its most important purpose is social cohesion. A close analysis of history by Durkheim[3] reflected that religion is a valid and vital force that binds the individuals and societies together.   Describing Durkheim motives o study religion on a broader level, Lewis Coser write in his monumental work â€Å"Maters of Sociological Thought†; Durkheim's earlier concern with social regulation was in the main focused on the more external forces of control, more particularly legal regulations that can be studied, so he argued, in the law books and without regard to individuals. Later he was led to consider forces of control that were internalized in individual consciousness. Being convinced that â€Å"society has to be present within the individual,† Durkheim, following the logic of his own theory, was led to the study of religion, one of the forces that created within individuals a sense of moral obligation to adhere to society's demands. (Coser, 1977. p. 136) Durkheim main concern was trace down the social origin of religion. the sociological interpretaion of religion. Fot this purpose, he tried to comprehend the basic forms of social religions. He   illustrated that Australian Toteism is the most rudimentary form of a religion. He considers that it was the basic social necessity of the social entity that compelled that group to devise a religious activity. Further explaining the social origin of religion, Durkhein says that religion is an epitome of social cohesion. To Durkheim, society was not a mere collection of individual but is has other internal and external dimensions. Internally, it is the substantial device that moulds our beliefs and attitudes while on the external horizon, it exerts and maintains pressures from the society to facilitate conformity to the above-mentioned collective beliefs and attitudes. For these two purposes, it devised the religious activity. He thought that the absolute purpose of religion is to enable people to show a willingness put their invidual interests and personal propensities and to put interests of society ahead of their own. So it capaciates the people to get ready for a cohesive social life. Ultimately, if individuals want to be happy, so they must regulate their individual needs and aspirations and their propensities must be confined into limits. This regulatory role must thus be executed by an external agency superior to the individual i.e. by society. Both these feature of social facts explains clearly that society is an independent entity that works for the collective benefits and dies not surrender to individual proclivities and requirements. Religion acts as social tool for this regulatory role of society. Religion internalizes that regulatory process and individuals act on that as an obligation. Durkheim consider religion as â€Å"society divinised† because religion only acts in the social domain. Durkheim observes god of divine manifestations of it as society itself. He takes god in the functional perspective and attributes functional traits to god and further links these characteristics to social phenomenon. For example, he says that â€Å"god is first of all a being that man conceives of as superior to himself in some respects and one on whom he believes he depends. †¦ Society also fosters in us the sense of perpetual dependence. †¦ Society requires us to make ourselves its servants, forgetful of our own interests†. (Elementary Forms for Religious Life, p. 208-209). Durkheim deems religion as â€Å"a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, that is to say, things set apart and forbidden—beliefs and practices which unite into one single moral community called a Church, all those who adhere to them† (Elementary Forms for Religious Life, p. 47). He makes an important distinction in religious domain that is based on the separation of human experiences i.e. profane and the Sacred. Profane is the dominion of mundane life experiences i.e. routine work, daily life activities etc. This sphere has an ultimate utilitarian approach. The sacred realm constitutes of no-mundane experiences that includes he recognition of a non-empirical authority and non-utilitarian activities.   He says in this regard; A society whose members are united by the fact that they think in the same way in regard to the sacred world and its relations with the profane world, and by the fact that they translate these common ideas to common practices, is what is called a Church. In all history, we do not find a single religion without a Church. (Elementary Forms for Religious Life, p. 44) So a superior fusion of profane and sacred life makes the social cohesion that is necessary to put the civilization on the path of progress and prosperity. He describes the social association as an incarnation of relation between individuals and divinity. Coser says in this regard; â€Å"Religion is eminently social: it occurs in a social context, and, more importantly, when men celebrate sacred things, they unwittingly celebrate the power of their society. This power so transcends their own existence that they have to give it sacred significance in order to visualize it. (Coser, 1977. p. 136) Durkheim does not support Comte’s assertion that humans must endeavor to create a new â€Å"humanitarian cult† based on the rational principles. Durkheim like Marx does not suggest an abrupt ending to religion but reinforces the Marxian that it should work until an appropriate alternative does not replace this vital sociological tool. He says in this regard, â€Å"We must discover the rational substitutes for these religious notions that for a long time have served as the vehicle for the most essential moral ideas.† (Moral Education, 1961. p.9) Coser sums up the religions ultimate function as described by Durkhein, in this way; Finally, religion has a euphoric function in that it serves to counteract feelings of frustration and loss of faith and certitude by reestablishing the believers' sense of well-being, their sense of the essential rightness of the moral world of which they are a part. By countering the sense of loss, which, as in the case of death, may be experienced on both the individual and the collective level, religion helps to reestablish the balance of private and public confidence. (Coser, 1976. p.139) So Both Marx and Durkheim consider religion important social tools that give purpose and meaning to the human life.[4] Both consider the values of world religions i.e. intrinsic value and dignity of human perspective an important element but Marx views it as a toll of the oppressor to perpetuate its practices and to provide a fictitious idealism of human dignity to the common folk.   However both consider institution of religion as an imperative social necessity hitherto. References Bellah, Robert. â€Å"Durkheim and History.† American Sociological Review 24 (1959): 447- 61. Chiodi, P. Sartre and Marxism. Harvester Press Ltd. 1976. Coser, Lewis A. Masters of Sociological Thought: Ideas in Historical and Social Context, 2nd Ed., Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. 1977. Emile Durkheim, Moral Education. New York; The Free Press.1961. Emile Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. New York; The Free Press, 1954. Macmurrary, John. The Early Development of Marx’s thought in Christianity and The Social Revolution. Ed. John Lewis;  Karl Polanyi;  Donald K Kitchin. London, Gollancz, 1935. Mckown, Delos Banning. The classical Marxist critiques of religion: Marx, Engels, Lenin, Kautsky. The Hague : Martinus Nijhoff, 1975. Marx. Karl. Introduction to a Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right. 1844 Pickering, W. S. F. Durkheim's Sociology of Religion: Themes and Theories. London: Routledge & K. Paul. 1984. Raines, John. Marx on Religion. Philadelphia : Temple University Press, 2002. [1] Chiodi, the famous Marxian critic, Has defined Marx concept of alienation in these words; â€Å" It is the negative process by which a subject makes himself other than himself by virtue of a constraint which is capable of being removed on the initiative of the subject himself. â€Å" (Chiodi, 1976. p.80) [2] John Raines is Professor of Religion at Temple University. [3] Most of the Durkheim’s critics regards his findings as theoretical and ahistorical contemplations but Bellah is of the view that â€Å"Almost all of [Durkheim's] own researches draw heavily from historical and ethnological sources and are in fact organized in an historical framework† (p.  448). [4] Durkheim considers it the ultimate function whereas Marx labels it as inverted and pretended reality.

Application For Xpertrule And Ethical Issues - 1155 Words

Work Related Application for XpertRule and Ethical Issues The range of applications for XpertRule system to manufacturing, marketing, and sales is so wide. The system is wide ranging as helping a banker in making financial decisions to helping university advisors and university students to plan and schedule appointments. For example, in a financial service industry, XpertRule system can be used by bankers as an advisory system to help make decisions on whether to make a loan available to individuals or businesses. Globalization and modern technology have created competition in the financial industry and these competitions come with risks. Therefore, risk management in the financial industry is important. So persuading superiors in a financial industry such as in a bank, would not be so difficult because risk management is needed in credit, operations, and market. Risk management in banks does not only involve planning and backup but also technical assistance that helps bank managers take quick action and manage all risks (Mali Kulkarni, n. d). This would help increase quality, reduce error, decrease manpower, security system in banks, increase speed for complex tasking, increase customer service, and improve decisions (Mali Kulkarni, n.d). Although this system has some persuasive advantages, it could also be opposed because it might be deskilling decision markers. The use of this system could result in the unwarranted reliance on the system in decision-making and the